Summary

通过流式细胞术进行质量控制痰液分析

Published: August 09, 2021
doi:

Summary

该协议描述了一种将痰液解离为单细胞悬浮液的有效方法,以及随后在标准流式细胞术平台上对细胞亚群的表征。

Abstract

痰液广泛用于研究细胞含量和其他微环境特征,以了解肺部的健康,传统上使用基于细胞学的方法进行分析。它的效用有限,因为阅读幻灯片非常耗时,需要高度专业化的人员。此外,广泛的碎片和过多的鳞状上皮细胞(SEC)或脸颊细胞的存在往往使样本不足以诊断。相比之式细胞术允许对细胞群进行高通量表型分析,同时排除碎片和 SEC 。

这里介绍的方案描述了一种将痰液解离成单细胞悬浮液,抗体染色和固定细胞群以及在流式细胞术平台上获取样品的有效方法。这里介绍了一种门控策略,描述了排除碎片,死细胞(包括SEC)和细胞二倍体。此外,这项工作还解释了如何基于分化簇(CD)45阳性和阴性群体分析活的单个痰细胞,以表征造血和上皮谱系亚群。通过识别肺部特异性巨噬细胞作为样本来自肺部而不是唾液的证据,还可以提供质量控制措施。最后,已经证明该方法可以通过提供在三个流式细胞仪上分析的同一患者的痰液图谱应用于不同的细胞术平台;Navios EX,LSR II和Lyric。此外,可以修改该协议以包括感兴趣的其他细胞标记物。这里提出了一种在流式细胞术平台上分析整个痰液样本的方法,该方法使痰液适合于开发肺病的高通量诊断。

Introduction

流式细胞仪硬件和软件的技术进步使得同时识别许多不同的细胞群成为可能1234。例如,流式细胞仪在造血细胞研究中的应用使人们对免疫系统2和造血系统的细胞层次结构5有了更好的了解,并区分了多种不同血癌的诊断方法678。虽然大多数痰细胞起源于造血91011,但流式细胞术尚未广泛应用于用于诊断目的的痰液分析。然而,一些研究表明,评估痰液(最重要的细胞亚群)中的免疫细胞群可能对诊断和/或监测哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)等疾病有很大帮助12131415。此外,可用于流式细胞术的上皮特异性标志物的存在允许询问痰液中以下最重要的细胞亚群,肺上皮细胞。

除了能够分析不同组织起源的许多不同细胞群之外,流式细胞仪还可以在相对较短的时间内评估大量细胞。相比之下,基于载玻片的细胞学分析类型通常需要高度专业的人员和/或设备。这些分析可能是劳动密集型的,这导致只有一部分痰液样本被分析16

三个关键问题限制了痰液在流式细胞术中的广泛使用。第一个问题涉及痰液的收集。痰液通过喘息咳嗽收集,将粘液从肺部排出到口腔中,然后吐入收集杯中。由于粘液穿过口腔,因此SEC污染的可能性很高。这种污染使标本分析复杂化,但如本研究所示,该问题在流式细胞仪平台上很容易纠正。

不是每个人都能自发产生痰液;因此,已经开发了几种设备来帮助以非侵入性方式收集痰液17。雾化器就是这样一种装置,已被证明可以产生可靠的痰液样本181920。虽然雾化器是一种非常有效的非侵入性收集痰液的方法,但其使用仍然需要在有专业人员的医疗机构进行设置21。相比之下,手持设备,如肺笛222324 和无伴奏合唱1625 ,可以在家中使用,因为它们非常人性化。这些辅助设备既安全又经济高效。

对于我们来说,阿卡贝拉的效果一直比肺笛16更好,因此,阿卡贝拉装置已被选择用于痰液收集。决定使用3天的收集样本,因为使用痰液的主要目的是开发肺癌检测测试16。已经表明,与1天或2天的样本相比,3天的样本增加了肺癌检测的可能性262728。然而,对于不同的目的,其他的痰液收集方法可能更可取。如果使用与此处描述的方法不同的痰液收集方法,建议仔细滴定用于流式细胞术分析的每种抗体或染料;关于不同的痰液收集方法如何影响流式细胞术的靶向蛋白质的数据很少。

抑制使用痰液进行诊断的热情的第二个问题是细胞数量,主要与流式细胞术有关。问题是收集足够的活细胞进行可靠的分析。两项研究表明,在辅助装置的帮助下,通过非侵入性方法收集的痰液样本含有足够的活细胞,可用于临床诊断或研究研究1624。然而,这两项研究都没有解决流式细胞术的细胞数量问题。

对于构成该方案基础的研究,根据每个研究地点批准的机构指南,从患肺癌高风险的参与者中收集痰液样本。高危参与者被定义为55-75岁之间,吸烟30包年,过去15年内没有戒烟。向患者展示了如何根据制造商的说明使用阿卡贝拉装置29 ,并在家中连续三天收集痰液。样品保存在冰箱中,直到最后一次收集。在最后一个收集日,样品与冷冻冷藏袋一起连夜运往实验室。样品在收到当天被加工成单细胞悬浮液。使用这种痰液收集方法,可以获得足够的活细胞,以进行可靠的流式细胞术分析。

最后,与之前的细胞数问题相关的是如何将痰细胞从其粘液环境中释放出来的问题。如何保持细胞存活并产生不会堵塞流式细胞仪的单细胞悬浮液?基于Pizzichini等人30 和Miller等人的初步工作,该协议描述了一种简单可靠的方法,用于将痰液加工成适合流式细胞术分析的单细胞悬浮液。该方法在流式细胞术中使用了完善的指南323334 来开发有效的抗体标记策略,以识别痰液中的造血细胞和上皮细胞,并提供仪器设置,质量控制措施和分析指南,在流式细胞术平台上标准化痰液分析。

Protocol

痰液处理的所有步骤都在带有适当个人防护设备的生物安全柜中进行。 1. 开始痰液解离前的试剂制备 在冰上解冻1%多聚甲醛(PFA),每个样品25 mL,并保持冷藏直至使用。注意:PFA通过吸入和皮肤接触而有毒。根据制造商的说明准备固定剂,并在-20°C下冷冻在25 mL等分试样中直至使用。 近似样品的重量并解冻足够的0.1%二硫磷脂醇(DTT)用于步骤2.2,并将其?…

Representative Results

该协议是在考虑临床实验室环境的情况下制定的。在协议开发过程中,重点是简单性,效率和可重复性。研究发现,处理痰液中最耗时的步骤是计数细胞。因此,该协议的设置方式使得痰液处理和细胞标记可以独立于细胞计数进行而不会浪费时间。然后,可以在抗体标记孵育期间获得准确的细胞计数,这对于适当稀释样品以进行无障碍运行仍然是必需的。 该协议使用痰液重?…

Discussion

痰液的细胞含量包括种类繁多的宽范围细胞,往往伴有大量碎片37。此外,痰液分析需要质量控制,以确认样本是从肺部而不是口腔收集的38。因此,通过流式细胞术分析痰液并不像血液那样简单,例如,血液释放出更清洁和均匀的细胞悬浮液。该协议已经解决了所有这些问题:提供使用特定尺寸的微球的仪器设置,以确保可以检测到最小和最大的细胞群,门控…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们要感谢大卫·罗德里格斯(David Rodriguez)对人物准备工作的协助。痰液样本在UT Health San Antonio流式细胞术共享资源设施的BD LSR II上运行,由UT Health,NIH-NCI P30 CA054174-20(UT Health的CTRC)和UL1 TR001120(CTSA授权)提供支持。

Materials

1% Paraformaldehyde Flow-Fix Polysciences 25037
100 µM nylon cell strainers, Falcon #352360 Fisher Scientific 08-771-19
3 M NaOH EMD SX0593-1
50 mL conical falcon tube Fisher Scientific 14-432-22
Alexa488 anti-human CD19 BioLegend 302219
Alexa488 anti-human CD3 BioLegend 300415
Alexa488 anti-human cytokeratin BioLegend 628608
Alexa488 PanCK, CD3, and CD19 Isotype BioLegend 400129
BV510 anti-human CD45 BioLegend 304036
CD66b FITC isotype BD Biosciences 555748
CompBead Plus Compensation Beads BD Biosciences 560497
Corning Polystyrene dispoable sterile bottle 250 mL Fisher Scientific 09-761-4
Corning Polystyrene dispoable sterile bottle 500 mL Fisher Scientific 09-761-10
CS&T beads BD Biosciences 655051
DTT Fisher Scientific BP172-5
FITC anti-human CD66b GeneTex GTX75907
Fixable Viability Stain BD Biosciences 564406
FlowCheck Beckman Coulter A69183
FlowSet Beckman Coulter A69184
HBSS Fisher Scientific 14-175-095
NAC Sigma-Aldrich A9165
NIST Beads, 05 μM Polysciences 64080
NIST Beads, 20 μM Polysciences 64160
NIST Beads, 30 μM Polysciences 64170
PE anti-human CD45 BioLegend 304039
PE-CF594 anti-human EpCAM BD Biosciences 565399
PE-CF594 CD206/EpCAM Isotype BD Biosciences 562292
PE-CR594 anti-human CD206 BD Biosciences 564063
Sodium citrate dihydrate EMD SX0445-1
Trypan Blue solution, 0.4% Fisher Scientific 15250061

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Cite This Article
Grayson, M., Lai, S., Bederka, L. H., Araujo, P., Sanchez, J., Reveles, X. T., Rebel, V. I., Rebeles, J. Quality-Controlled Sputum Analysis by Flow Cytometry. J. Vis. Exp. (174), e62785, doi:10.3791/62785 (2021).

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