Gradient Strain Chip for Stimulating Cellular Behaviors in Cell-laden Hydrogel

Summary

This article introduces a simple approach to providing non-continuous gradient static strains on a concentric cell-laden hydrogel to regulate cell alignment for tissue engineering.

Abstract

Artificial guidance for cellular alignment is a hot topic in the field of tissue engineering. Most of the previous research has investigated single strain-induced cellular alignment on a cell-laden hydrogel by using complex experimental processes and mass controlling systems, which are usually associated with contamination issues. Thus, in this article, we propose a simple approach to building a gradient static strain using a fluidic chip with a plastic PDMS cover and a UV transparent glass substrate for the stimulation of cellular behavior in a 3D hydrogel. Overloading photo-patternable cell prepolymer in the fluidic chamber can generate a convex curved PDMS membrane on the cover. After UV crosslinking, through a concentric circular micropattern under the curved PDMS membrane, and buffer washing, a microenvironment for investigating cell behaviors under a variety of gradient strains is self-established in a single fluidic chip, without external instruments. NIH3T3 cells were demonstrated after observing the change in the cellular alignment trend under geometry guidance, in cooperation with strain stimulation, which varied from 15 - 65% on hydrogels. After a 3-day incubation, the hydrogel geometry dominated the cell alignment under low compressive strain, where cells aligned along the hydrogel elongation direction under high compressive strain. Between these, the cells showed random alignment due to the dissipation of the radical guidance of hydrogel elongation and the geometry guidance of the patterned hydrogel.

Introduction

Serving as a block material that mimics a native microenvironment, a hydrogel containing extracellular matrix (ECM) can re-build biomimetic tissue scaffolds to support cell growth. To possess the functions of a tissue, organized cell alignment is an essential requirement. Various 2D (i.e., cells cultured on a surface) and 3D (i.e., cells encapsulated in a hydrogel) cell alignments have been achieved by culturing or encapsulating cells in or on flexible substrates with micro-or nano-patterns¹. 3D cell alignment in microarchitecture is more attractive, as the microenvironment is closer to the native tissue construct

Protocol

1. GelMA Synthesis

1. Weigh 10 g of gelatin powder and add it to a glass flask with 100 mL ofDulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS). Put a magnetic stir bar into the flask and place the flask on a stirring hot plate.
2. Cover the flask with aluminum foil to avoid water evaporation. Set the hot plate temperature to 50-60 °C and the stirrer at 100 rpm for 1 h to dissolve the gelatin powder well.
3. After the gelatin has dissolved, add 8 mL of methacrylic anhydride very slowly (one drop per second) using a pipette. Let it react at 60 °C for 3 h.
4. Add pre-warmed DPBS (40 °C) to the flask to a final volume of 500 mL a....

Results

To compare the mechanical variations between each circular hydrogel in the completed gradient strain stimulation chip, we measured the line widths of each circular hydrogel in two of the same chips, with injection volumes of 0 µL (Figure 4a) and 40 µL (Figure 4b), respectively. The percent elongations at each circle were calculated by dividing the elongations in the 40 µL-injected chip by the line widths of the corresponding hydr.......

Discussion

In this paper, we report on a simple approach to compare cell alignment behavior after hydrogel shape guidance and tensile stretch. A flexible PDMS membrane creates a dome-shaped curvature for generating different heights of concentric circular hydrogels. After releasing the pressure, the PDMS membrane automatically applies force to the micro-patterned hydrogels to form gradient strain/elongation, with a maximum at the center and a minimum at the outer boundary. As the formation of the gradient strain is designed by the .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1.5 mL black microcentrifuge tube	Argos Technologies	03-391-161	This one can be replaced with a neutral color of 1.5 mL tube covered with aluminun foil
10x DPBS	Sigma-Aldrich	56064C
Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin	Invitrogen	A12379
BSA	Sigma	A1595
Calcein	Molecular Probe	C1430	For labeling viable cells
CCD	PCO. Imaging	Pixelfly qe
Cell membrane permeating solution	Sigma-Aldrich	X100	0.5% Triton X-100 for permeating cell membrane
DAPI	Sigma-Aldrich	D8417	Cell nucleus staining
Dialysis membrane	Sigma-Aldrich	D9527	Molecular weight cut-off = 14,000
DMEM	Gibco	11995-065
Double-side tape	3M	8003
FBS	Hyclone	SH30071.03
Gelatin	Sigma-Aldrich	G2500	gel strength 300, type A, from porcine skin
High frequency electronic corona generator	Electro-technic products	MODEL BD-20
Methacrylic Anhydride	Sigma-Aldrich	276685
Micro syringe	Hamilton	80501	50 μL
Microscope	Olympus	IX71	Include two filter sets: LF405/LP-B-000 and LF488/LP-C-000 from Semrock
Oxygen plasma machine	Harrick plasma	PDC-001
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma-Aldrich	P6148	For fixing cell
PDMS	DOW CORNING	Sylgard 184	Mixture for PDMS chip cast-molding fabrication
Pen-Strep	Gibco	10378-016	penicillin/streptomycin
Photoinitiator	CIBA	Irgacure 2959
Propidium iodide	Sigma-Aldrich	P4170	For labeling dead cells
Sterile Filtration cup	Millipore	SCGPT05RE
TMSPMA	Sigma-Aldrich	440159	For hydrogel immobilization
Ultrasonicator	Delta	D150H	150W, 43kHz
UV light	DAIHAN	WUV-L10
Freeze Dryer	FIRSTEK	150311025
NIH3T3(fibroblast)	Food Industry Research and Development Institute(FIRDI)	08C0011
MOXI Z Mini Automated Cell Counter	ORFLO	MXZ001