Source: Tang, N., et al. Generating Recombinant Avian Herpesvirus Vectors with CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the clonal isolation and PCR-based screening of recombinant herpesvirus following site-specific excision of a GFP marker. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting is used to isolate non-fluorescent infected cells, and junction PCR confirms retention of the target gene in GFP-negative clones.
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Viral Büyüme ve Teknikler
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Viral Büyüme ve Teknikler
Source: Cross, T., et al. An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates. J. Vis. Exp. (2015).This video demonstrates the isolation of Arthrobacter bacteriophages from a soil sample using enrichment and plaque assay techniques. It highlights the infection, amplification, and visualization of phages as clear lysis zones formed on a bacterial lawn.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 32 secondsSource: Morales Vasquez, D., et al. Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the protocol for carrying out plaque assay–based viral titration for quantifying infectious virus levels in tissue sample collected from a virus–infected mouse model.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 40 secondsSource: Vijayraghavan, S., Kantor, B. A Protocol for the Production of Integrase-deficient Lentiviral Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockout in Dividing Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).This video demonstrates the procedure for generating recombinant viral particles by transfecting embryonic kidney cells with plasmids encoding viral proteins and a gene of interest.
Video Duration: 1 minute and 55 secondsSource: Rustad, M., et.al. Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the purification of bacteriophages from a suspension containing host bacterial debris using a sucrose density gradient. It shows how the density gradient separates phages by buoyant density, enabling recovery of a visible band for resuspension and further analysis.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 36 secondsSource: Brauer, R. et al., Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the synthesis and harvest of the influenza virus in fertilized chicken eggs. The virus is inoculated into the allantoic cavity, where it replicates in epithelial cells and buds into the allantoic fluid, which is then collected and stored for downstream applications.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 12 secondsSource: Nguyen, H., et al. Growth, Purification, and Titration of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus. J. Vis. Exp. (2021).This video demonstrates the propagation and harvesting of oncolytic herpes simplex virus in mammalian cell cultures, highlighting viral entry, replication, and the recovery of virus-loaded cells. It further shows methods for preserving infected cells for downstream processing.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 1 secondSource: Nguyen, H., et al. Growth, Purification, and Titration of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the purification of an oncolytic virus from infected mammalian cell cultures using nuclease treatment, sequential centrifugation, membrane filtration, and sucrose cushion centrifugation.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 2 secondsSource: Huang, D., et al. Mosquito-Associated Virus Isolation from Field-Collected Mosquitoes. J. Vis. Exp. (2022).This video demonstrates the step-by-step procedure for the in vitro isolation of mosquito-associated viruses from mosquito homogenates using fibroblast-like mammalian cells.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 36 secondsSource: Eggers, C. H. Phage-Mediated Genetic Manipulation of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Vis. Exp. (2022).This video demonstrates the isolation of borrelial phage particles from a Borrelia burgdorferi suspension using polyethylene glycol-mediated phase separation. The sample is centrifuged, treated with a salt solution, and a molecular crowding agent to precipitate phages. Chloroform extraction is done to remove debris and concentrate phage particles. The purified phage...
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 30 secondsSource: Pett, N., et al. T4 Bacteriophage and E. coli Interaction in the Murine Intestine: A Prototypical Model for Studying Host-Bacteriophage Dynamics In Vivo. J. Vis. Exp. (2024)This video demonstrates the purification of bacteriophages from bacterial cell lysates using sequential centrifugation, membrane filtration, chloroform extraction, centrifugal filtration, and buffer exchange to obtain a purified phage preparation.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 8 secondsSource: Van Lidth de Jeude, et al. A Protocol for Lentiviral Transduction and Downstream Analysis of Intestinal Organoids. J. Vis. Exp. (2015).This video demonstrates the process of producing viral particles through transfection of embryonic kidney cells with plasmid–polyethylenimine complexes, which leads to viral genome expression, particle assembly, and virus collection in the medium.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 11 secondsSource: Saragliadis, A., et al. Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes. J. Vis. Exp.(2018)This video demonstrates preparation of a bacteriophage lysate containing transducing particles. A donor strain is infected, plaques form, and the soft agar overlay is processed with chloroform to yield a clarified lysate for downstream analysis.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 36 secondsKaynak: Weger-Lucarelli, J., et al. Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)Bu video, in vitro transkribe edilmiş RNA'nın elektroporasyonu kullanılarak enfeksiyöz Zika virüsünün geri kazanımını göstermektedir. Süreç, sentetik RNA'nın enfeksiyonu nasıl başlattığını ve kültür hücrelerinde viral replikasyona nasıl yol açtığını göstermektedir.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 36 secondsKaynak: Mackler, R. M., et al. Assembly and Purification of Prototype Foamy Virus Intasomes. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)Bu video, tuz ekstraksiyonu ve boyut dışlama kromatografisi kullanılarak karma bir protein-DNA süspansiyonundan prototip köpüklü virüs (PFV) intasomlarının saflaştırılmasını ve aşağı akış analizleri için aktif komplekslerin elde edilmesini göstermektedir.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 36 secondsKaynak: Suzuki, Y., et al. Measuring Dengue Virus RNA in the Culture Supernatant of Infected Cells by Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).Bu video, kantitatif PCR (Polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu) analizi için viral örneklerin hazırlanma prosedürünü göstermektedir. Viral örnekler ve RNA standartları seri olarak seyreltilir, proteinaz K tamponu ile işlem görür ve RNA'yı serbest bırakmak için kontrollü sıcaklıklarda inkübe edilir. İşlem görmüş RNA, daha sonra viral...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 23 secondsKaynak: Dembowski, J. A., et al. Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).Bu video, klik kimyası ve manyetik boncuk saflaştırması kullanarak hücre çekirdeklerinden protein-viral DNA komplekslerinin izolasyonunu göstermektedir. Protokol; viral genomların alkin-modifiyeli nükleotidlerle işaretlenmesini, bir klik reaksiyonu aracılığıyla biyotinilasyonu ve streptavidin kaplı manyetik boncuklara bağlanmayı içerir. Yıkama ve ısı...
Video Duration: 5 minutes and 13 secondsKaynak: Ding, J. et. al., Fare Kalplerinde Genlerin Aşırı Eksprese Edilmesi veya Susturulması için rAAV9 Hazırlanması. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)Bu video, transfekte edilmiş insan böbrek hücrelerinden rekombinant virüs partiküllerinin saflaştırılmasını göstermektedir. Virüs, dondurma-çözme lizisi ile serbest bırakılır ve blok kopolimer destekli filtrasyon ile iodixanol gradyanları kullanılarak saflaştırılır.
Video Duration: 5 minutes and 56 secondsKaynak: Rghei, A. D., et al. Production of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors in Cell Stacks for Preclinical Studies in Large Animal Models. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)Bu video, kimyasal lizis ve santrifüjleme kullanılarak transfekte edilmiş memeli hücrelerden ham adeno-ilişkili virüsün geri kazanımını göstermekte olup, downstream saflaştırma ve preklinik gen tedavisi uygulamaları için yüksek verimli AAV üretimine olanak tanımaktadır.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 6 secondsKaynak: Lopez Jr., M. A., et al. Detection and Removal of Nuclease Contamination During Purification of Recombinant Prototype Foamy Virus Integrase. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)Bu video, nikel afinite kromatografisi kullanılarak polihistidin etiketli viral integrazın saflaştırılmasını göstermektedir. Protokol, integrazı nikel yüklü reçineye olan afinitesine göre seçici olarak izole etmek için imidazol gradyan elüsyonu kullanır.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 45 secondsSource: Rustad, M. et al. Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the amplification and recovery of infectious bacteriophages from E. coli cultures. It outlines the steps for plaque isolation, phage replication, controlled lysis, and purification.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 40 secondsSource: Wang, M., et al, Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2020).This video demonstrates intranasal infection of a mouse with a pathogenic influenza virus to establish a respiratory tract infection. The procedure outlines the administration of the virus into the nasal cavity. The virus enters host cells, replicates, and activates the immune system.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 34 secondsSource: Asad, S., et al. Quantification of Antibody-dependent Enhancement of the Zika Virus in Primary Human Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates antibody-dependent enhancement of Zika virus infection in human primary macrophages, using dengue antibody–virus complexes to model how cross-reactive antibodies facilitate Fcγ receptor–mediated viral entry and replication for studying infection mechanisms and immune interactions.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 18 secondsSource: Klaus, J. P., et al Highly Sensitive Assay for Measurement of Arenavirus-cell Attachment. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).This video demonstrates how to measure arenavirus attachment to monkey kidney cells. The assay uses low temperatures to block endocytosis and isolate the virus binding step. The approach enables precise quantification of surface-bound virus particles under conditions that restrict internalization.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 34 secondsSource: Fernández-Fernández, R., et. al. Bacteriophage Removal from Infected Salmonella Cultures. J. Vis. Exp. (2024)This video demonstrates the use of exogenous LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) as a receptor mimic to inactivate lytic bacteriophages in Salmonella cultures. Through sequential incubation, centrifugation, and washing, phages are eliminated, resulting in a viable, phage-free bacterial suspension for downstream applications.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 40 secondsKaynak: Zhao, J., et al. Potato Virus X Tabanlı mikroRNA Susturma (VbMS) Patateste. J. Vis. Exp. (2020).Bu video, virüs tabanlı mikroRNA susturma (VbMS) amacıyla, in vitro yetiştirilmiş patates bitkilerine Potato Virus X (PVX) tabanlı bir konstrükt iletmek için Agrobacterium tumefaciens kullanımını göstermektedir. Bu yöntem, bir hedef mikroRNA'nın sistemik olarak baskılanmasını sağlayarak araştırmacıların, gözlemlenebilir fenotipik değişiklikler aracılığıyla bu mikroRNA'nın bitki gelişimi...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 59 secondsKaynak: Esposito, A. M.,et al. High-throughput Cre-Lox Activated Viral Membrane Fusion Assay to Identify Inhibitors of HIV-1 Viral Membrane Fusion. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)Bu video, hücreden hücreye viral transmisyonu izlemek için kullanılan bir ko-kültür floresan analizini göstermektedir. Analiz, viral membran füzyonunu görselleştirmek ve test bileşiklerinin viral girişi engellemedeki etkinliğini değerlendirmek için kırmızı-yeşil raporlayıcı kaset kullanmaktadır.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 45 secondsKaynak: Yates, J. G. E., et al. Production of High-Titer Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from Allantoic Fluid. J. Vis. Exp. (202)Video, virüsle enfekte edilmiş embriyolu tavuk yumurtalarından toplanan berraklaştırılmış allantoik sıvıdan virüs partiküllerinin saflaştırılmasını ve konsantre edilmesini göstermektedir. Videoda, bütün virüsleri izole etmek için derinlemesine filtrasyon, teğetsel akış filtrasyonu ve yoğunluk gradyanlı ultrasantrifüjasyonu içeren bir dizi filtrasyon ve ayırma...
Video Duration: 5 minutes and 2 secondsKaynak: Otter, C. J., et al. Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions. J. Vis. Exp. (2023)Bu video, insan burun boşluğundaki enfeksiyonu ve viral replikasyonu taklit ederek, hava-sıvı ara yüzeyinde kültüre edilmiş insan burun epitel hücrelerinde koronavirüs büyümesini göstermektedir.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 17 secondsSource: Zhang, L., et al. Immunofluorescent Labeling of Plant Virus and Insect Vector Proteins in Hemipteran Guts. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)The video demonstrates the preparation of gut tissue from a plant virus–infected insect vector for fluorescence imaging. Fixed guts were washed, permeabilized, and incubated with two fluorescent antibodies in a blocking solution—one targeting a viral antigen in vesicles, the other a vesicle-associated membrane protein. The tissue was counterstained for actin...
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 13 secondsSource: Schaeffer, J. W., Chandler, et al. Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).This video demonstrates the detection of viruses from bioaerosols using an anion exchange resin. A liquid impinger containing the resin is used to capture viruses from the air. The resin is collected and treated with a virus lysis buffer containing carrier RNA. The lysate is transferred to a microcentrifuge tube for viral RNA isolation, followed by qRT-PCR to amplify...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 38 secondsSource: Yuan, M., et al. A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the process of performing a fluorescent plaque assay using recombinant vaccinia virus encoding red fluorescent protein (RFP) in fibroblast cells, followed by plaque isolation and purification for further analysis.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 33 secondsSource: Williams, S. M. et al. Novel Atomic Force Microscopy Based Biopanning for Isolation of Morphology Specific Reagents against TDP-43 Variants in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates tapping-mode AFM to visualize phage–antigen interactions on a mica surface. It outlines the steps for antigen immobilization, phage binding, and high-resolution nanoscale imaging.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 4 secondsSource: DeMarino, C., et al. Purification of High Yield Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Away from Virus. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)The video demonstrates the separation of EVs from virions and other contaminants by density gradient centrifugation, followed by capture and concentration with hydrogel nanoparticles. Washed fractions are then ready for downstream identification of those enriched in EVs.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 15 secondsSource: Van Lidth de Jeude, J. F., et al. A Protocol for Lentiviral Transduction and Downstream Analysis of Intestinal Organoids. J. Vis. Exp. (2015).This video demonstrates the processing of lentivirus-transduced mouse intestinal organoids for paraffin embedding, to enable their downstream analysis for assessing gene expression.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 43 secondsSource: Chen, H. et. al. Live Cell Imaging of the TGF-β/Smad3 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo Using an Adenovirus Reporter System. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates the preparation of luciferase-expressing breast cancer cells using recombinant adenoviruses for in vivo imaging.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 57 secondsSource: Ren, S., et al. A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication. J. Vis. Exp. (2014).This video demonstrates an immunofluorescence-based method to detect Hepatitis C virus replication in infected hepatoma cells. The protocol involves cell fixation, antibody staining for viral protein and double-stranded RNA, and visualization using fluorophore-tagged secondary antibodies. Dual signal detection under a fluorescence microscope confirms active viral replication within the host cells.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 53 secondsSource: Stauffer, S. et al. In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the pH-dependent disassembly of influenza A virus (IAV) cores using gradient ultracentrifugation. It outlines glycerol gradient preparation, ultracentrifugation, and how different pH conditions affect IAV core disassembly.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 42 secondsSource: Philip, A. A., et al., Simplified Reverse Genetics Method to Recover Recombinant Rotaviruses Expressing Reporter Proteins. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates the isolation of rotavirus double-stranded RNA from clarified cell lysates. It further illustrates the separation and visualization of genome segments through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 44 secondsSource: Philip, A. A., et. al., Simplified Reverse Genetics Method to Recover Recombinant Rotaviruses Expressing Reporter Proteins. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates a plaque assay technique to monitor rotavirus infection in epithelial cells. Trypsin activation enhances viral entry, and staining highlights viable cells, enabling visualization of infection-induced plaques.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 12 secondsSource: Stauffer, S. et al., In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the effect of pH on the solubilization of influenza A viral cores. Gel electrophoresis and protein staining reveal the progressive disassembly of the core structure under acidic conditions.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 23 secondsSource: Moore, M. D., et al. Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)The video demonstrates a protocol for monitoring the heat-induced aggregation of virus-like particles using dynamic light scattering (DLS). It begins with preparing a monodisperse suspension of purified particles. The sample is then loaded into a preheated DLS instrument. As the capsid proteins denature with heat, exposed hydrophobic regions cause particle...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 14 secondsSource: Tran, B. N., et. al. High-throughput Confocal Imaging of Quantum Dot-Conjugated SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimers to Track Binding and Endocytosis in HEK293T Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)This video demonstrates the use of quantum dot–conjugated spike protein (QD-Spike) to visualize dose-dependent viral entry in ACE2-GFP–expressing cells. Confocal imaging captures the internalization of QD-Spike via receptor-mediated endocytosis, modeling early coronavirus entry.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 46 secondsSource: Mateer, E., et al., Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the confocal imaging of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in virus-infected epithelial cells. It highlights how antibody-based fluorescent labeling reveals the interaction between viral replication intermediates and host immune sensors.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 42 secondsSource: Xu, C., et al. An Efficient and Simple Method to Establish NK and T Cell Lines from Patients with Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).This video demonstrates the phenotyping of EBV-infected T and NK cell lines using flow cytometry, highlighting the preparation, antibody staining, and analysis steps to identify lineage-specific surface markers. It shows how marker profiles confirm distinct T-cell and NK-cell populations.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 14 secondsSource: Cross, T., et al. An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates. J. Vis. Exp.(2015)This video demonstrates the isolation of bacteriophages from a soil sample. A soil sample is collected and suspended in a phage buffer and allowed to settle the sediment. The extract is filtered, and nutrients are added. A vacuum filtration is done to remove microbial contaminants. The filtrate with phages is aliquoted into flasks, and...
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 21 secondsSource: Allaire, A., et al. Immunofluorescence to Monitor the Cellular Uptake of Human Lactoferrin and its Associated Antiviral Activity Against the Hepatitis C Virus. J. Vis. Exp. (2015).The video demonstrates the procedure for preparing cells to assess the intracellular uptake and activity of an antiviral agent against the hepatitis C virus.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 27 secondsSource: Olety, B., et. al., Visualization of HIV-1 Gag Binding to Giant Unilamellar Vesicle (GUV) Membranes. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This study demonstrates a fluorescence-based assay to observe the membrane-binding behavior of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 structural protein. Using synthetic giant unilamellar vesicles as model membranes, the assay visualizes protein recruitment and assembly, mimicking early steps of viral particle formation.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 17 secondsSource: Lê-Bury, G., et al. Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates live confocal imaging of HIV-1-infected human macrophages to visualize and quantify phagosome migration using GFP fluorescence and bright field tracking, providing insights into how HIV alters intracellular trafficking during Fc receptor–mediated phagocytosis.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 38 secondsKaynak: Vacca, O., et al. Using Adeno-associated Virus as a Tool to Study Retinal Barriers in Disease. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)Bu video, bozulmuş retinal bariyerler boyunca adeno-ilişkili virüs geçirgenliğini görselleştirmek için fare retinal kriyokesitlerinin hazırlanmasına yönelik adım adım prosedürü göstermektedir.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 54 secondsKaynak: Vacca, O., et al. Using Adeno-associated Virus as a Tool to Study Retinal Barriers in Disease. J. Vis. Exp. (2015).Bu video, transgenik bir fare retinasında AAV aracılı gen aktarımı yöntemini ve ardından iç sınırlayıcı membran bütünlüğünü değerlendirmek için yapılan doku diseksiyonu ve boyama işlemlerini göstermektedir.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 24 secondsKaynak: Moore, M. D., et al. Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity. J. Vis. Exp.(2017).Bu video, yapısal değişiklikleri ve ısı kaynaklı hasarları ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla, saflaştırılmış viral kapsidlerin nasıl ısıtıldığını, hazırlandığını ve transmisyon elektron mikroskobu (TEM) kullanılarak nasıl görüntülendiğini göstermektedir.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 24 secondsKaynak: Shah, R., et al. Single-Cell Multiplexed Fluorescence Imaging to Visualize Viral Nucleic Acids and Proteins and Monitor HIV, HTLV, HBV, HCV, Zika Virus, and Influenza Infection. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)Bu video, dallanmış DNA hibridizasyonu ve immünofloresans kullanarak enfekte insan lenfositlerinde HIV-1 DNA, RNA ve kapsid proteininin eş zamanlı görselleştirilmesini göstermekte ve böylece tekil hücreler içindeki viral replikasyon aşamalarının detaylı analizine olanak tanımaktadır.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 36 secondsKaynak: Pohl, M. O. & Stertz, S. Measuring Attachment and Internalization of Influenza A Virus in A549 Cells by Flow Cytometry. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)Bu video, insan akciğer epitelyal hücrelerinde yüzeye bağlı influenza virüsünü hücre içine alınmış virüsten ayırt etmek için streptavidin bloklama analizinin kullanımını göstermektedir. Floresan sinyallerinin karşılaştırılması, inkübasyon sonrası daha yüksek bir yoğunluğun başarılı viral internalizasyonu gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 41 secondsKaynak: Niu, Y. D., ve ark. Bacteriophage Effectiveness for Biocontrol of Foodborne Pathogens Evaluated via High-Throughput Settings. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)Bu video, E.coli bakteri kültürlerine karşı faj kokteyllerinin litik aktivitesini değerlendirmek için mikroplaka tabanlı bir analizi göstermektedir. Optik yoğunluktaki değişikliklerin, faj gücünü ve bakterilerin tamamen inhibe edilmesi için gereken konsantrasyonu nasıl ortaya çıkardığını...
Video Duration: 3 minutesKaynak: Dembowski, J. A., Deluca, N. A. Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)Bu video, durağan fazdaki memeli hücrelerin HSV-1 (Herpes Simplex Virus-1) ile enfekte edilmesini ve ardından konakçı ile viral replikasyon mekanizmaları kullanılarak viral genomun replikasyonunu göstermektedir. Replikasyon halindeki genomları işaretlemek için yeni sentezlenen viral DNA'ya sentetik bir nukleozid analoğu dahil edilir; bu genomlar...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 48 secondsKaynak: Hiller, T. et. al. Study of Viral Vectors in a Three-dimensional Liver Model Repopulated with the Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line HepG2. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)Bu video, reselülerize edilmiş bir sıçan karaciğer modelinde viral gen transferini değerlendirmek için yapılan immünohistokimyasal boyamayı göstermektedir. Antikor tespiti ve nükleer boyama ile ko-lokalizasyonuyla doğrulanan raporlayıcı ekspresyonu, hücrelerdeki başarılı viral transduksiyonu göstermektedir.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 27 secondsKaynak: Bou Khalil, J. Y., et al. A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).Bu video, iletim elektron mikroskopisi kullanılarak enfekte bir amip kültüründeki faustovirus partiküllerinin görüntülenmesini göstermektedir. Video; grid hazırlama, kontrastı artırmak için amonyum molibdat ile negatif boyama ve virüsün mikroskop altında görselleştirilmesi aşamalarını kapsamaktadır. Protokol, mikroskobun entegre...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 18 secondsKaynak: Vallery, T. K. & Steitz, J. A. Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and Immunofluorescence (IF) of Specific Gene Products in KSHV-Infected Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)Bu video, virüsle enfekte olmuş hücrelerde viral RNA'yı görselleştirmek için floresan in situ hibridizasyon yöntemini göstermektedir. Prob hibridizasyonu, sinyal amplifikasyonu ve konfokal görüntüleme süreçlerinde yer alan adımları ana hatlarıyla açıklamaktadır.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 23 secondsKaynak: Rghei, A. D., et al. Production of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors in Cell Stacks for Preclinical Studies in Large Animal Models. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)Video, heparin tabanlı bir afinite matrisi kullanılarak ham konak lizatından rekombinant adeno-ilişkili virüs (AAV) vektörlerinin saflaştırılmasını göstermektedir. Viral partiküller immobilize edilmiş heparine bağlanırken, safsızlıklar yıkanarak uzaklaştırılır. Yüksek tuzlu bir tampon, bütünlüğü korunmuş virüsleri serbest bırakır ve bunlar...
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 35 secondsSource: Rustad, M., et al. Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).This video demonstrates the synthesis of bacteriophages using a cell-free transcription–translation (TXTL) system. A master mix is prepared using a bacterial crude extract, an energy mix, an amino acid mix, an inhibitor for a DNA-degrading enzyme, and bacteriophage DNA, then incubated. The in vitro molecular machinery enables viral protein expression and DNA...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 36 secondsSource: Jamieson, T. R., et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the procedure for infecting mammalian cells with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-encoding pseudovirus, monitoring viral replication and spread by fluorescence microscopy, and collecting virus-containing supernatant for downstream applications.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 45 secondsSource: Yuan, M., et al. A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the expansion of plaque-derived recombinant virus in adherent mammalian cells. The virus carries a fluorescent reporter in place of a virulent gene, enabling infection tracking. Infected cells are harvested for PCR verification of the genetic modification.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 52 secondsSource: Liu, P., et al. Use of a Recombinant Mosquito Densovirus As a Gene Delivery Vector for the Functional Analysis of Genes in Mosquito Larvae. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).This video demonstrates the process of isolating recombinant Aedes aegypti densovirus (rAaeDV) from infected mosquito-derived epithelial cells. The infected cells are collected and exposed to repeated freeze-thaw cycles for lysis. Lysate is centrifuged, and the supernatant containing viral particles is filtered, aliquoted, and...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 32 secondsSource: Philip, A. A., et al. Simplified Reverse Genetics Method to Recover Recombinant Rotaviruses Expressing Reporter Proteins. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates the recovery of recombinant rotavirus by transfecting plasmids encoding viral genome segments into hamster kidney cells, followed by amplification in monkey epithelial cells, enabling studies of rotavirus biology, replication, and vaccine development.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 43 secondsSource: Prasad, M. et al. In Vitro Establishment of a Genetically Engineered Murine Head and Neck Cancer Cell Line using an Adeno-Associated Virus-Cas9 System. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates the in vitro transformation of murine epithelial cells through viral delivery of Cre recombinase and mutation-inducing components. It outlines the steps for Cas9 activation, cancer-gene modification, and the establishment of a tumorigenic murine cell line.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 36 secondsSource: Ehrke-Schulz, E., et al. Cloning and Large-Scale Production of High-Capacity Adenoviral Vectors Based on the Human Adenovirus Type 5. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the large-scale amplification of high-capacity adenoviral vectors in suspension-adapted human embryonic kidney cells expressing Cre recombinase for use in gene delivery applications requiring high-titer, helper-free vector preparations.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 20 secondsKaynak: Chang, X., et al. Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)Bu video, kalsiyum fosfat aracılı plazmit transfeksiyonu kullanarak insan hücrelerinde influenza psödovirüs üretimini göstermekte ve biyogüvenlik düzeyi 2 koşulları altında antikor nötralizasyon assay'leri gibi sonraki uygulamalar için tek döngülü viral partiküllerin güvenli bir şekilde üretilmesine...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 22 secondsKaynak: Nishitsuji, H., et al. Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)Bu video, erken enfeksiyon olaylarının incelenmesi ve yüksek kapasiteli antiviral ilaç tarama uygulamaları için güvenli, replikasyon yeteneği olmayan viral preparasyonların hazırlanmasına olanak tanıyan rekombinant Hepatit B virüsü partiküllerinin üretimini ve saflaştırılmasını göstermektedir.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 12 secondsKaynak: Liu, P., et al. Use of a Recombinant Mosquito Densovirus As a Gene Delivery Vector for the Functional Analysis of Genes in Mosquito Larvae. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)Bu video, sivrisinek larvalarındaki belirli genleri susturmak için mikroRNA kodlayan rekombinant sivrisinek densovirüslerinin kullanımını göstermektedir. Enfekte erken dönem larvalar, sonraki çalışmalar için hedef gen ekspresyonunu baskılayan fonksiyonel mikroRNA'lar üretir.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 29 secondsKaynak: Eggers, C. H. Lyme Hastalığı Spiroket Borrelia burgdorferi'nin Faj Aracılı Genetik Manipülasyonu. J. Vis. Exp. (202). Bu video, kanamisin-direnç plazmidi taşıyan, polietilen glikol ile çöktürülmüş, bulaşıcı olmayan bakteriyofajlar kullanılarak genetiği değiştirilmiş Borrelia spiroketlerinin transduksiyonunu göstermektedir. Bakterilerle inkübasyonun ardından, kültür antibiyotik takviyeli besiyerine ekilir. Yalnızca plazmidi alan hücreler hayatta kalır ve koloni oluşturur. Bu koloniler...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 28 secondsKaynak: Van Lidth de Jeude, J. F., et al. Protocol for Lentiviral Transduction and Downstream Analysis of Intestinal Organoids. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)Bu video, kript benzeri bir yapı içeren süspansiyondan fare intestinal organoidlerinin lentiviral transdüksiyonunu açıklamaktadır. Bazal membran matrisinin bir iskele olarak ve büyüme faktörleri ile takviye edilmiş besiyerlerinin kullanılmasıyla, stabil gen entegrasyonunu sağlamak için lentiviral vektörler...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 30 secondsKaynak: Chen, H., et al. Live Cell Imaging of the TGF-β/Smad3 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo Using an Adenovirus Reporter System. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).Bu video, çift adenoviral enfeksiyon kullanarak meme kanseri hücrelerinde SMAD yolak aktivasyonunu inceleme yöntemini göstermektedir. Bir virüs sürekli eksprese edilen bir GFP geni iletirken, diğeri SMAD-duyarlı bir promotör altında bir RFP raporlayıcısı taşımaktadır. TGF-beta stimülasyonu üzerine SMAD proteinleri aktive olarak RFP...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 40 secondsKaynak: Meister, T. L., et al. A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks. J. Vis. Exp. (2020).Bu video, transfekte edilmiş insan hepatosellüler karsinom hücrelerinden hepatit E virüsü (HEV) partiküllerinin izole edilme sürecini göstermektedir. Hücre dışı viral partiküller filtrelenmiş süpernatanlardan toplanırken, hücre içi partiküller hücrelerin tekrarlanan dondurma-çözme döngülerine tabi tutulmasıyla serbest bırakılır. Lizat santrifüj edilir ve HEV partikülleri...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 52 secondsKaynak: Rim, Y. A., et al. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation from Blood Cells Using Sendai Virus and Centrifugation. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).Bu video, Sendai virüsü aracılı yeniden programlama kullanılarak insan periferik kan mononükleer hücrelerinden indüklenmiş pluripotent kök hücrelerin (iPSC'ler) üretilmesini göstermektedir. Viral transkripsiyon faktörleri, pluripotens ağlarını aktive eder ve lineage genlerini baskılayarak hücrelerin bir alt kümesinin adezyon özellikleri kazanmasını ve...
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 46 secondsKaynak: Ehrke-Schulz, E., et al. Cloning and Large-Scale Production of High-Capacity Adenoviral Vectors Based on the Human Adenovirus Type 5. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)Bu video, gen aktarımı, vektör karakterizasyonu ve preklinik terapötik çalışmalar uygulamaları için genom içeren viryonların ayrıştırılmasını sağlayan sezyum klorür gradyanlı ultrasentrifüjasyon kullanılarak yüksek kapasiteli adenoviral vektörlerin saflaştırılmasını...
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 35 secondsKaynak: Lu, A., et al. Viral Transgene Expression in Rodent Hearts and the Assessment of Cardiac Arrhythmia Risk. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)Video, bir fare modelinde rekombinant viral vektörün ultrason eşliğinde intramiyokardiyal enjeksiyonu için bir yöntemi göstermektedir. Bu teknik, transgen ekspresyonunun kalp fonksiyonu üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek amacıyla kalbe hedeflenmiş gen iletimi sağlar.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 8 secondsKaynak: Hiller, T., et al. Study of Viral Vectors in a Three-dimensional Liver Model Repopulated with the Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line HepG2. J. Vis. Exp., (2016)Bu video, insanlaştırılmış bir sıçan karaciğer iskeletinde adeno-ilişkili virüs aracılı gen iletimini göstermektedir. Vektör, floresan bir raporlayıcıyı ve gen susturucu RNA'yı kodlayan bir transgeni, reseptör aracılı endositoz yoluyla karaciğer hücrelerine iletir. Bu model, perfüze edilmiş 3D bir karaciğer doku sisteminde...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 8 secondsKaynak: Kubala, M. H. & DeClerck, Y. A. Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression in Cancer Cell Lines to Study the Recruitment of Monocytes/Macrophages to the Tumor Microenvironment. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)Bu video, Tet-indüklenebilir lentiviral shRNA sistemi kullanılarak koşullu nakavt (knockdown) kanser hücre hatlarının oluşturulmasını göstermektedir. Viral transduksiyon, antibiyotik seçimi ve doksisiklin ile indüklenen gen susturma adımları ana hatlarıyla açıklanmaktadır.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 33 secondsKaynak: Ding, J., et al. Preparation of rAAV9 to Overexpress or Knockdown Genes in Mouse Hearts. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)Bu video, memeli hücrelerde plazmit transfeksiyonu yoluyla rekombinant adeno-ilişkili virüs partiküllerinin üretimini göstermektedir. Videoda, çekirdek içerisinde viral genom replikasyonunu ve kapsid montajını yönlendiren Rep, Cap ve yardımcı proteinlerin koordineli ekspresyonu vurgulanmaktadır.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 44 secondsKaynak: McAllister, S. C., Hanson, R. S., et al. An In Vitro Model for Studying Cellular Transformation by Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus. J. Vis. Exp.(2017)Bu video, primer endotel hücrelerinin HPV16 E6/E7 onkogenleri ile retroviral transdüksiyonunu göstermektedir. Entegre edilen onkogenler, p53 ve Rb tümör baskılayıcılarını inaktive ederek hücre ömrünü uzatır. G418 seçilimi transdükte edilmiş hücreleri zenginleştirerek, transformasyon çalışmaları için uygun ölümsüzleştirilmiş endotel kültürleri...
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 7 secondsKaynak: Koza, P., et al. Generation of Transgenic Rats using a Lentiviral Vector Approach. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)Bu video, transgenik sıçanların üretimi için stabil transgen entegrasyonu sağlamak amacıyla, döllenmiş sıçan embriyolarına lentiviral vektörlerin mikroenjeksiyon yardımıyla iletilmesini göstermektedir.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 7 secondsSource: Chang, X., et al. Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates a luciferase-based pseudovirus titration assay to determine the optimal target cell density for maximum infection. By comparing luminescence across cell densities, the method ensures high assay sensitivity and reproducibility for downstream applications.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 9 secondsSource: Chang, X., et al. Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity. J. Vis. Exp. (2021).This video demonstrates a luciferase-based assay to quantify pseudovirus infection in epithelial cells. The pseudovirus encodes the luciferase gene, which is expressed in infected cells. After washing, and cells are incubated with lysis buffer at an ultra-low temperature, and then thawed to induce lysis.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 1 secondSource: Klaus, J. P. et al. Highly Sensitive Assay for Measurement of Arenavirus-cell Attachment. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the extraction of viral RNA from surface-bound virions on epithelial cells using silica spin columns. The method includes chemical lysis, RNA stabilization, and membrane-based purification for downstream quantification of virus-cell attachment.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 59 secondsSource: Ren, S., et al. A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication. J. Vis. Exp. (2014).This video demonstrates the procedure for quantifying Hepatitis C viral RNA using quantitative reverse transcription PCR to measure viral load in infected cell cultures.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 27 secondsSource: Kadoya, S., Sano, D. Assays for the Specific Growth Rate and Cell-binding Ability of Rotavirus. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).This video demonstrates the use of a plaque assay to assess the rotavirus growth curve. The method involves infecting host cells with diluted virus, overlaying with agarose to restrict spread, and staining to visualize plaques formed by viral replication. By counting plaque-forming units at defined time points, the resulting growth curve reveals the lag, exponential, and...
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 30 secondsSource: Fout, G. S., Cashdollar, J. L. EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the use of a total culturable virus assay to quantify infectious viruses in water samples. It outlines host cell inoculation, observation of cytopathic effect, and statistical quantification of infectious virus concentration.
Video Duration: 5 minutes and 1 secondSource: Scarborough, R. J., et al. Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).This video demonstrates a reverse transcriptase (RT) assay to assess the effect of a test RNA on virus-like particle (VLP) production. Cells are co-transfected with plasmids, and RT activity is measured as a quantitative indicator of VLP output. A decrease in RT activity reflects suppression of viral gene expression by the test RNA.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 26 secondsSource: Manocheewa, S., et al. Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)The video demonstrates the procedure for a growth competition assay to measure the relative replication fitness of two viral strains by comparing their replication in human immune cells.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 31 secondsKaynak: Vijayraghavan, S., et al. Protocol for the Production of Integrase-deficient Lentiviral Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockout in Dividing Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).Bu video, lentiviral vektörlerin viral titrelerini tahmin etmek için p24 ELISA kullanımını göstermektedir. Analiz, p24'ü serbest bırakmak için viral partiküllerin liz edilmesini, bunun spesifik antikorlarla yakalanmasını ve ölçülebilir bir renk değişimi oluşturan peroksidaz bağlantılı bir sistemle tespit edilmesini...
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 51 secondsKaynak: Krishnamurthi, R., et al. Understanding the Impact of Temperate Bacteriophages on Their Lysogens Through Transcriptomics. J. Vis. Exp. (2024).Bu video, canlı bakteri hücrelerini (CFU'lar) ve enfeksiyöz faj partiküllerini (PFU'lar) zaman içinde nicelleştirerek, lizojenik Pseudomonas aeruginosa'da spontan faj indüksiyonunun zamansal sayımını göstermektedir. Büyüme sırasında belirli aralıklarla örnekleme yapılması ve hem koloni hem de plak oluşumunun analiz edilmesi sayesinde, bu yöntem...
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 17 secondsSource: Frias-De-Diego and A., Crisci, E. Use of Crystal Violet to Improve Visual Cytopathic Effect-based Reading for Viral Titration using TCID50 Assays. J. Vis. Exp., (2022)This video demonstrates a crystal violet staining method to visualize cytopathic effects in virus-infected cell cultures. The pattern of stained and unstained wells across serial dilutions enables rapid, cost-effective estimation of the viral infectious dose.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 54 seconds