Source: Tang, N., et al. Generating Recombinant Avian Herpesvirus Vectors with CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the clonal isolation and PCR-based screening of recombinant herpesvirus following site-specific excision of a GFP marker. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting is used to isolate non-fluorescent infected cells, and junction PCR confirms retention of the target gene in GFP-negative clones.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 41 secondsJoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments
미생물학
바이러스 증식과 기법
학계와 산업계 연구자를 위한 첨단 연구 실험 비디오 백과사전.
800개 이상의 동영상
최고 대학 연구실에서 촬영
각 실험의 실습과 이론
목차
바이러스 증식과 기법
Source: Cross, T., et al. An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates. J. Vis. Exp. (2015).This video demonstrates the isolation of Arthrobacter bacteriophages from a soil sample using enrichment and plaque assay techniques. It highlights the infection, amplification, and visualization of phages as clear lysis zones formed on a bacterial lawn.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 32 secondsSource: Morales Vasquez, D., et al. Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the protocol for carrying out plaque assay–based viral titration for quantifying infectious virus levels in tissue sample collected from a virus–infected mouse model.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 40 secondsSource: Vijayraghavan, S., Kantor, B. A Protocol for the Production of Integrase-deficient Lentiviral Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockout in Dividing Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).This video demonstrates the procedure for generating recombinant viral particles by transfecting embryonic kidney cells with plasmids encoding viral proteins and a gene of interest.
Video Duration: 1 minute and 55 secondsSource: Rustad, M., et.al. Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the purification of bacteriophages from a suspension containing host bacterial debris using a sucrose density gradient. It shows how the density gradient separates phages by buoyant density, enabling recovery of a visible band for resuspension and further analysis.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 36 secondsSource: Brauer, R. et al., Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the synthesis and harvest of the influenza virus in fertilized chicken eggs. The virus is inoculated into the allantoic cavity, where it replicates in epithelial cells and buds into the allantoic fluid, which is then collected and stored for downstream applications.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 12 secondsSource: Nguyen, H., et al. Growth, Purification, and Titration of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus. J. Vis. Exp. (2021).This video demonstrates the propagation and harvesting of oncolytic herpes simplex virus in mammalian cell cultures, highlighting viral entry, replication, and the recovery of virus-loaded cells. It further shows methods for preserving infected cells for downstream processing.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 1 secondSource: Nguyen, H., et al. Growth, Purification, and Titration of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the purification of an oncolytic virus from infected mammalian cell cultures using nuclease treatment, sequential centrifugation, membrane filtration, and sucrose cushion centrifugation.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 2 secondsSource: Huang, D., et al. Mosquito-Associated Virus Isolation from Field-Collected Mosquitoes. J. Vis. Exp. (2022).This video demonstrates the step-by-step procedure for the in vitro isolation of mosquito-associated viruses from mosquito homogenates using fibroblast-like mammalian cells.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 36 secondsSource: Eggers, C. H. Phage-Mediated Genetic Manipulation of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Vis. Exp. (2022).This video demonstrates the isolation of borrelial phage particles from a Borrelia burgdorferi suspension using polyethylene glycol-mediated phase separation. The sample is centrifuged, treated with a salt solution, and a molecular crowding agent to precipitate phages. Chloroform extraction is done to remove debris and concentrate phage particles. The purified phage...
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 30 secondsSource: Pett, N., et al. T4 Bacteriophage and E. coli Interaction in the Murine Intestine: A Prototypical Model for Studying Host-Bacteriophage Dynamics In Vivo. J. Vis. Exp. (2024)This video demonstrates the purification of bacteriophages from bacterial cell lysates using sequential centrifugation, membrane filtration, chloroform extraction, centrifugal filtration, and buffer exchange to obtain a purified phage preparation.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 8 secondsSource: Van Lidth de Jeude, et al. A Protocol for Lentiviral Transduction and Downstream Analysis of Intestinal Organoids. J. Vis. Exp. (2015).This video demonstrates the process of producing viral particles through transfection of embryonic kidney cells with plasmid–polyethylenimine complexes, which leads to viral genome expression, particle assembly, and virus collection in the medium.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 11 secondsSource: Saragliadis, A., et al. Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes. J. Vis. Exp.(2018)This video demonstrates preparation of a bacteriophage lysate containing transducing particles. A donor strain is infected, plaques form, and the soft agar overlay is processed with chloroform to yield a clarified lysate for downstream analysis.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 36 seconds새 면도날이나 메스 날을 사용하여 깨끗한 표면에서 200 µL 팁의 끝부분 2-4 mm를 제거하여 와이드 보어 피펫 팁 2개를 준비한다. 참고: 이 팁들은 단계 1.3과 1.5에서 사용된다.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 36 seconds출처: Dembowski, J. A., 외. 연관 바이러스 및 세포 단백질 식별을 위한 바이러스 DNA 정제. J. Vis. Exp. (2017). 이 비디오는 클릭 화학 및 자기 비드 정제를 사용하여 세포핵에서 단백질-바이러스 DNA 복합체를 분리하는 과정을 보여줍니다. 프로토콜에는 알킨 수정 뉴클레오타이드를 이용한 바이러스 게놈 표지, 클릭 반응을 통한 비오틴화, 그리고 스트렙타비딘 코팅 자기 비드에의 결합 과정이 포함됩니다. 세척 및 열 용출 후, 정제된 복합체를 수집하고 급속 냉동하여 후속 분석을 위해 보관합니다. Dembowski, J. A., 외.연관된 바이러스 및 세포 단백질 식별을 위한 바이러스 DNA 정제. J. Vis. Exp.. (2017).이 영상은 클릭 화학과 자성 비드 정제를 이용하여 세포 핵으로부터 단백질-바이러스 DNA 복합체를 분리하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 프로토콜에는 알킨-수식 뉴클레오타이드로 바이러스 게놈을 표지하고, 클릭 반응을 통해 비오틴화한...
Video Duration: 5 minutes and 13 seconds출처: Ding, J. et. al., 생쥐 심장에서의 유전자 과발현 또는 녹다운을 위한 rAAV9 제조. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)본 영상에서는 형질전환된 인간 신장 세포로부터 재조합 바이러스 입자를 정제하는 과정을 보여줍니다. 바이러스는 동결-융해 용해법으로 방출되며, 블록 공중합체 보조 여과법을 이용한 아이오딕사놀 밀도 구배 원심분리를 통해 정제됩니다.
Video Duration: 5 minutes and 56 secondsSource: Lopez Jr., M. A., et al. Detection and Removal of Nuclease Contamination During Purification of Recombinant Prototype Foamy Virus Integrase. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the purification of polyhistidine-tagged viral integrase using nickel affinity chromatography. The protocol uses imidazole gradient elution to selectively isolate the integrase based on its affinity for nickel-charged resin.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 45 secondsSource: Rustad, M. et al. Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the amplification and recovery of infectious bacteriophages from E. coli cultures. It outlines the steps for plaque isolation, phage replication, controlled lysis, and purification.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 40 secondsSource: Wang, M., et al, Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2020).This video demonstrates intranasal infection of a mouse with a pathogenic influenza virus to establish a respiratory tract infection. The procedure outlines the administration of the virus into the nasal cavity. The virus enters host cells, replicates, and activates the immune system.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 34 secondsSource: Asad, S., et al. Quantification of Antibody-dependent Enhancement of the Zika Virus in Primary Human Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates antibody-dependent enhancement of Zika virus infection in human primary macrophages, using dengue antibody–virus complexes to model how cross-reactive antibodies facilitate Fcγ receptor–mediated viral entry and replication for studying infection mechanisms and immune interactions.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 18 secondsSource: Klaus, J. P., et al Highly Sensitive Assay for Measurement of Arenavirus-cell Attachment. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).This video demonstrates how to measure arenavirus attachment to monkey kidney cells. The assay uses low temperatures to block endocytosis and isolate the virus binding step. The approach enables precise quantification of surface-bound virus particles under conditions that restrict internalization.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 34 secondsSource: Fernández-Fernández, R., et. al. Bacteriophage Removal from Infected Salmonella Cultures. J. Vis. Exp. (2024)This video demonstrates the use of exogenous LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) as a receptor mimic to inactivate lytic bacteriophages in Salmonella cultures. Through sequential incubation, centrifugation, and washing, phages are eliminated, resulting in a viable, phage-free bacterial suspension for downstream applications.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 40 seconds출처: Zhao, J., et al. Potato Virus X-Based microRNA Silencing (VbMS) In Potato. J. Vis. Exp. (2020).이 영상에서는 바이러스 기반 microRNA 사이런싱(VbMS)을 위해 Potato Virus X(PVX) 기반의 컨스트럭트를 인비트로(in vitro) 배양된 감자 식물에 전달하는 Agrobacterium tumefaciens의 사용법을 보여줍니다. 이 방법은 표적 microRNA의 전신적 억제를 가능하게 하여, 연구자가 관찰 가능한 표현형 변화를 통해 식물 발달 과정에서 해당 microRNA의 역할을 연구할 수 있게 합니다.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 59 seconds출처: Esposito, A. M.,et al. HIV-1 바이러스 막 융합 억제제 식별을 위한 고효율 Cre-Lox 활성화 바이러스 막 융합 분석법. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)이 영상에서는 세포 간 바이러스 전파를 모니터링하기 위한 공동 배양 형광 분석법을 보여줍니다. 이 분석법은 적색-녹색 리포터 카세트를 사용하여 바이러스 막 융합을 시각화하고, 바이러스 진입을 차단하는 시험 화합물의 효능을 평가합니다.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 45 seconds출처: Yates, J. G. E., 외. 요막액으로부터 고역가 재조합 뉴캐슬병 바이러스의 생산. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)이 영상은 바이러스에 감염된 유정란에서 수집하여 정제한 요막액으로부터 바이러스 입자를 정제하고 농축하는 과정을 보여줍니다. 여기에는 온전한 바이러스를 분리하기 위한 뎁스 필터레이션(depth filtration), 접선 유동 여과(tangential flow filtration) 및 밀도 구배 초원심분리를 포함한 일련의 여과 및 분리 단계가 제시됩니다. 이후 바이러스가 풍부한 분획물을 투석하여 잔류 염과 구배 성분을 확산으로 제거하고, 고장액을 이용한 삼투 현상을 통해 농축합니다. 그 결과, 실험에 적합한 정제된 고역가 바이러스 조제물이 얻어집니다. Yates, J. G. E., 외 등 요막액으로부터의 고역가 재조합 뉴캐슬병 바이러스 생산. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)본 영상에서는 바이러스에 감염된 유정란에서 수집하여 정제한 요막액으로부터...
Video Duration: 5 minutes and 2 secondsSource: Zhang, L., et al. Immunofluorescent Labeling of Plant Virus and Insect Vector Proteins in Hemipteran Guts. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)The video demonstrates the preparation of gut tissue from a plant virus–infected insect vector for fluorescence imaging. Fixed guts were washed, permeabilized, and incubated with two fluorescent antibodies in a blocking solution—one targeting a viral antigen in vesicles, the other a vesicle-associated membrane protein. The tissue was counterstained for actin...
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 13 secondsSource: Schaeffer, J. W., Chandler, et al. Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).This video demonstrates the detection of viruses from bioaerosols using an anion exchange resin. A liquid impinger containing the resin is used to capture viruses from the air. The resin is collected and treated with a virus lysis buffer containing carrier RNA. The lysate is transferred to a microcentrifuge tube for viral RNA isolation, followed by qRT-PCR to amplify...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 38 secondsSource: Yuan, M., et al. A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the process of performing a fluorescent plaque assay using recombinant vaccinia virus encoding red fluorescent protein (RFP) in fibroblast cells, followed by plaque isolation and purification for further analysis.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 33 secondsSource: Williams, S. M. et al. Novel Atomic Force Microscopy Based Biopanning for Isolation of Morphology Specific Reagents against TDP-43 Variants in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates tapping-mode AFM to visualize phage–antigen interactions on a mica surface. It outlines the steps for antigen immobilization, phage binding, and high-resolution nanoscale imaging.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 4 secondsSource: DeMarino, C., et al. Purification of High Yield Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Away from Virus. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)The video demonstrates the separation of EVs from virions and other contaminants by density gradient centrifugation, followed by capture and concentration with hydrogel nanoparticles. Washed fractions are then ready for downstream identification of those enriched in EVs.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 15 secondsSource: Van Lidth de Jeude, J. F., et al. A Protocol for Lentiviral Transduction and Downstream Analysis of Intestinal Organoids. J. Vis. Exp. (2015).This video demonstrates the processing of lentivirus-transduced mouse intestinal organoids for paraffin embedding, to enable their downstream analysis for assessing gene expression.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 43 secondsSource: Chen, H. et. al. Live Cell Imaging of the TGF-β/Smad3 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo Using an Adenovirus Reporter System. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates the preparation of luciferase-expressing breast cancer cells using recombinant adenoviruses for in vivo imaging.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 57 secondsSource: Ren, S., et al. A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication. J. Vis. Exp. (2014).This video demonstrates an immunofluorescence-based method to detect Hepatitis C virus replication in infected hepatoma cells. The protocol involves cell fixation, antibody staining for viral protein and double-stranded RNA, and visualization using fluorophore-tagged secondary antibodies. Dual signal detection under a fluorescence microscope confirms active viral replication within the host cells.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 53 secondsSource: Stauffer, S. et al. In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the pH-dependent disassembly of influenza A virus (IAV) cores using gradient ultracentrifugation. It outlines glycerol gradient preparation, ultracentrifugation, and how different pH conditions affect IAV core disassembly.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 42 secondsSource: Philip, A. A., et al., Simplified Reverse Genetics Method to Recover Recombinant Rotaviruses Expressing Reporter Proteins. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates the isolation of rotavirus double-stranded RNA from clarified cell lysates. It further illustrates the separation and visualization of genome segments through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 44 secondsSource: Philip, A. A., et. al., Simplified Reverse Genetics Method to Recover Recombinant Rotaviruses Expressing Reporter Proteins. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates a plaque assay technique to monitor rotavirus infection in epithelial cells. Trypsin activation enhances viral entry, and staining highlights viable cells, enabling visualization of infection-induced plaques.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 12 secondsSource: Stauffer, S. et al., In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the effect of pH on the solubilization of influenza A viral cores. Gel electrophoresis and protein staining reveal the progressive disassembly of the core structure under acidic conditions.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 23 secondsSource: Moore, M. D., et al. Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)The video demonstrates a protocol for monitoring the heat-induced aggregation of virus-like particles using dynamic light scattering (DLS). It begins with preparing a monodisperse suspension of purified particles. The sample is then loaded into a preheated DLS instrument. As the capsid proteins denature with heat, exposed hydrophobic regions cause particle...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 14 secondsSource: Tran, B. N., et. al. High-throughput Confocal Imaging of Quantum Dot-Conjugated SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimers to Track Binding and Endocytosis in HEK293T Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)This video demonstrates the use of quantum dot–conjugated spike protein (QD-Spike) to visualize dose-dependent viral entry in ACE2-GFP–expressing cells. Confocal imaging captures the internalization of QD-Spike via receptor-mediated endocytosis, modeling early coronavirus entry.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 46 secondsSource: Mateer, E., et al., Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the confocal imaging of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in virus-infected epithelial cells. It highlights how antibody-based fluorescent labeling reveals the interaction between viral replication intermediates and host immune sensors.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 42 secondsSource: Xu, C., et al. An Efficient and Simple Method to Establish NK and T Cell Lines from Patients with Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).This video demonstrates the phenotyping of EBV-infected T and NK cell lines using flow cytometry, highlighting the preparation, antibody staining, and analysis steps to identify lineage-specific surface markers. It shows how marker profiles confirm distinct T-cell and NK-cell populations.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 14 secondsSource: Cross, T., et al. An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates. J. Vis. Exp.(2015)This video demonstrates the isolation of bacteriophages from a soil sample. A soil sample is collected and suspended in a phage buffer and allowed to settle the sediment. The extract is filtered, and nutrients are added. A vacuum filtration is done to remove microbial contaminants. The filtrate with phages is aliquoted into flasks, and...
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 21 secondsSource: Allaire, A., et al. Immunofluorescence to Monitor the Cellular Uptake of Human Lactoferrin and its Associated Antiviral Activity Against the Hepatitis C Virus. J. Vis. Exp. (2015).The video demonstrates the procedure for preparing cells to assess the intracellular uptake and activity of an antiviral agent against the hepatitis C virus.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 27 secondsSource: Olety, B., et. al., Visualization of HIV-1 Gag Binding to Giant Unilamellar Vesicle (GUV) Membranes. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This study demonstrates a fluorescence-based assay to observe the membrane-binding behavior of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 structural protein. Using synthetic giant unilamellar vesicles as model membranes, the assay visualizes protein recruitment and assembly, mimicking early steps of viral particle formation.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 17 secondsSource: Lê-Bury, G., et al. Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates live confocal imaging of HIV-1-infected human macrophages to visualize and quantify phagosome migration using GFP fluorescence and bright field tracking, providing insights into how HIV alters intracellular trafficking during Fc receptor–mediated phagocytosis.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 38 seconds출처: Vacca, O., et al. 질환 상태의 망막 장벽 연구 도구로서 아데노 부속 바이러스의 활용. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)이 영상은 손상된 망막 장벽을 통한 아데노 부속 바이러스(adeno-associated virus)의 투과성을 시각화하기 위한 마우스 망막 동결 절편 제작의 단계별 절차를 보여줍니다.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 54 secondsTEM용으로 설계된 탄소 지지막(니켈) 그리드를 준비한다.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 24 seconds2. 핵 염색: 면역염색 후 핵을 대조 염색한다. PBST를 따라내고 DAPI(4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) 또는 선택한 핵 염색제를 실온에서 1분 동안 처리한다. 슬라이드를 PBS로 실온에서 흔들어주며 10분 동안 2회 세척한다. Shah, R., 등바이러스 핵산 및 단백질 시각화와 HIV, HTLV, HBV, HCV, 지카 바이러스 및 인플루엔자 감염 모니터링을 위한 단일 세포 다중 형광 이미징. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)이 영상에서는 분지형 DNA 하이브리다이제이션과 면역형광법을 사용하여 감염된 인간 림프구 내의 HIV-1 DNA, RNA 및 캡시드 단백질을 동시에 시각화함으로써, 개별 세포 내에서 바이러스 복제 단계에 대한 상세한 분석이 가능함을 보여줍니다.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 36 secondsPohl, M. O. & Stertz, S. 유세포 분석법을 이용한 A549 세포 내 인플루엔자 A 바이러스의 부착 및 내입 측정. J. Vis. Exp. (2015) 본 영상은 인간 폐 상피 세포에서 표면에 결합된 인플루엔자 바이러스와 내입된 바이러스를 구분하기 위한 스트렙타비딘 블로킹 분석법의 활용 방법을 보여줍니다. 형광 신호를 비교함으로써, 배양 후 신호 강도가 높을수록 바이러스 내입이 성공적으로 이루어졌음을 나타냅니다. Pohl, M. O. & Stertz, S. 유세포 분석법을 이용한 A549 세포 내 인플루엔자 A 바이러스의 부착 및 내부화 측정. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)본 영상에서는 스트렙타비딘 차단 분석법(streptavidin blocking assay)을 사용하여 인간 폐 상피 세포에서 세포 표면에 결합된 인플루엔자 바이러스와 내부로 유입된 바이러스를 구분하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 형광 신호를 비교하여 배양 후 강도가 더 높게 나타나면...
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 41 seconds출처: Niu, Y. D., et al. 고효율 설정을 통해 평가한 식중독성 병원균의 생물학적 제어를 위한 박테리오파지의 효과. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)본 영상에서는 E.coli 박테리아 배양액에 대한 파지 칵테일의 용균 활성을 평가하기 위한 마이크로플레이트 기반 분석법을 보여줍니다. 또한, 광학 밀도의 변화를 통해 파지의 효능과 완전한 박테리아 억제에 필요한 농도를 어떻게 확인할 수 있는지 강조합니다.
Video Duration: 3 minutes아데노 부속 바이러스(AAV 벡터) 유래 바이러스 벡터의 대량...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 27 seconds출처: Bou Khalil, J. Y., et al. Vermamoeba vermiformis를 이용한 환경 시료로부터의 새로운 Faustovirus 분리를 위한 신속한 전략. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).본 영상에서는 투과 전자 현미경을 사용하여 감염된 아메바 배양물로부터 Faustovirus 입자를 이미징하는 과정을 보여줍니다. 그리드 준비, 대비 증강을 위한 몰리브덴산 암모늄을 이용한 음성 염색, 그리고 현미경을 통한 바이러스 시각화 과정을 다룹니다. 프로토콜은 현미경의 통합 소프트웨어 도구를 사용하여 Faustovirus의 크기를 측정하는 것으로 마무리됩니다.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 18 seconds출처: Vallery, T. K. & Steitz, J. A. KSHV 감염 세포 내 특정 유전자 산물의 정량적 형광 인시튜 하이브리다이제이션 (FISH) 및 면역형광 (IF). J. Vis. Exp. (2019)이 비디오에서는 바이러스에 감염된 세포 내의 바이러스 RNA를 시각화하기 위한 형광 인시튜 하이브리다이제이션(fluorescence in situ hybridization) 방법을 시연합니다. 또한 프로브 하이브리다이제이션, 신호 증폭 및 공초점 이미징에 포함되는 단계들을 설명합니다.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 23 seconds출처: Rghei, A. D., 외. 대동물 모델 대상 전임상 연구를 위한 셀 스택 내 아데노 부속 바이러스 벡터 생산. J. Vis. Exp. (2021) 이 영상은 헤파린 기반 친화성 매트릭스를 사용하여 조호스트 용해물로부터 재조합 아데노 부속 바이러스(AAV) 벡터를 정제하는 과정을 보여줍니다. 바이러스 입자는 고정화된 헤파린에 결합하고, 불순물은 세척되어 제거됩니다. 고염 농도 완충액이 온전한 바이러스를 용출시키며, 이를 농축된 분획으로 수집합니다. 이 분획들은 막 원심분리를 통해 농축되고 잔류 입자를 회수하기 위해 헹굼 과정을 거쳐, 정제된 고역가 AAV 벡터를 생산합니다. Rghei, A. D., 외 등대동물 모델의 전임상 연구를 위한 셀 스택 기반 아데노 부속 바이러스 벡터 생산. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)이 영상에서는 헤파린 기반 친화성 매트릭스를 사용하여 조제된 숙주 용해물로부터 재조합 아데노 부속 바이러스(AAV) 벡터를 정제하는 방법을 보여줍니다.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 35 secondsSource: Rustad, M., et al. Synthesis of Infectious Bacteriophages in an E. coli-based Cell-free Expression System. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).This video demonstrates the synthesis of bacteriophages using a cell-free transcription–translation (TXTL) system. A master mix is prepared using a bacterial crude extract, an energy mix, an amino acid mix, an inhibitor for a DNA-degrading enzyme, and bacteriophage DNA, then incubated. The in vitro molecular machinery enables viral protein expression and DNA...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 36 secondsSource: Jamieson, T. R., et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the procedure for infecting mammalian cells with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-encoding pseudovirus, monitoring viral replication and spread by fluorescence microscopy, and collecting virus-containing supernatant for downstream applications.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 45 secondsSource: Yuan, M., et al. A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the expansion of plaque-derived recombinant virus in adherent mammalian cells. The virus carries a fluorescent reporter in place of a virulent gene, enabling infection tracking. Infected cells are harvested for PCR verification of the genetic modification.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 52 secondsSource: Liu, P., et al. Use of a Recombinant Mosquito Densovirus As a Gene Delivery Vector for the Functional Analysis of Genes in Mosquito Larvae. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).This video demonstrates the process of isolating recombinant Aedes aegypti densovirus (rAaeDV) from infected mosquito-derived epithelial cells. The infected cells are collected and exposed to repeated freeze-thaw cycles for lysis. Lysate is centrifuged, and the supernatant containing viral particles is filtered, aliquoted, and...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 32 secondsSource: Philip, A. A., et al. Simplified Reverse Genetics Method to Recover Recombinant Rotaviruses Expressing Reporter Proteins. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates the recovery of recombinant rotavirus by transfecting plasmids encoding viral genome segments into hamster kidney cells, followed by amplification in monkey epithelial cells, enabling studies of rotavirus biology, replication, and vaccine development.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 43 secondsSource: Prasad, M. et al. In Vitro Establishment of a Genetically Engineered Murine Head and Neck Cancer Cell Line using an Adeno-Associated Virus-Cas9 System. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates the in vitro transformation of murine epithelial cells through viral delivery of Cre recombinase and mutation-inducing components. It outlines the steps for Cas9 activation, cancer-gene modification, and the establishment of a tumorigenic murine cell line.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 36 secondsSource: Ehrke-Schulz, E., et al. Cloning and Large-Scale Production of High-Capacity Adenoviral Vectors Based on the Human Adenovirus Type 5. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the large-scale amplification of high-capacity adenoviral vectors in suspension-adapted human embryonic kidney cells expressing Cre recombinase for use in gene delivery applications requiring high-titer, helper-free vector preparations.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 20 seconds탈이온수로 1령 Aedes albopictus 유충 10마리를 3회 세척한 다음, 유충을 탈이온수 95 mL가 담긴 비커로 옮깁니다. 재조합 Aedes aegypti densovirus (rAaeDV) 스톡 5 mL(최종 농도 1.0 x 10¹⁰ copies/mL)를 첨가합니다.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 29 secondsEggers, C. H. 라이임병 스피로헤타 Borrelia burgdorferi의 파지 매개 유전자 조작. J. Vis. Exp. (202). 이 영상은 카나마이신 내성 플라스미드를 운반하는 폴리에틸렌 글리콜 침전 비감염성 박테리오파지를 이용한 유전자 변형 Borrelia 스피로헤타의 형질전환 과정을 보여줍니다. 박테리아와 함께 배양한 후, 배양액을 항생제가 첨가된 배지에 도말합니다. 플라스미드를 전달받은 세포만이 생존하여 콜로니를 형성합니다. 이후 이 콜로니들을 선택하여 항생제가 포함된 액체 배지에서 증식시킴으로써, 후속 응용 연구를 위해 플라스미드를 보유한 안정적인 박테리아 집단을 구축합니다. Eggers, C. H. 파지 매개 라임병 스피로헤타의 유전적 조작 Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Vis. Exp.. (2022).이 영상에서는 카나마이신 내성 플라스미드를 운반하며 폴리에틸렌 글리콜로 침전시킨 비감염성 박테리오파지를 사용하여 유전적으로 변형된...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 28 seconds출처: Meister, T. L., et al. 고역가 E형 간염 바이러스 스톡 생산을 위한 세포 배양 모델. J. Vis. Exp. (2020).이 영상은 형질전환된 인간 간세포암 세포에서 E형 간염 바이러스(HEV) 입자를 분리하는 과정을 보여줍니다. 세포 외 바이러스 입자는 여과된 상층액에서 수집하며, 세포 내 입자는 세포를 반복적인 동결-해동 주기에 노출시켜 방출시킵니다. 용해물을 원심분리한 후, HEV 입자가 포함된 상층액을 소분하여 향후 사용을 위해 초저온에서...
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 52 seconds출처: Rim, Y. A., et al. Sendai 바이러스 및 원심분리를 이용한 혈구로부터의 유도만능줄기세포 생성. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).이 영상에서는 Sendai 바이러스 매개 리프로그래밍을 이용하여 인간 말초혈액 단핵세포로부터 유도만능줄기세포(iPSCs)를 생성하는 과정을 보여줍니다. 바이러스 전사 인자는 다능성 네트워크를 활성화하고 계통 유전자를 억제하여, 일부 세포가 부착 특성을 획득하고 iPSC 콜로니를 형성할 수 있게 합니다. 본 프로토콜은 선택적 매트릭스 결합과 매일 이루어지는 배지 교체를 통해 이러한 리프로그래밍된 세포를 농축하고 유지합니다.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 46 seconds출처: Ehrke-Schulz, E., 등. 인간 아데노바이러스 5형 기반 고용량 아데노바이러스 벡터의 클로닝 및 대량 생산. J. Vis. Exp. (2016). 이 영상은 염화세슘 밀도 구배 초원심분리를 이용한 고용량 아데노바이러스 벡터의 정제 과정을 보여주며, 이를 통해 유전자 전달, 벡터 특성 분석 및 전임상 치료 연구에 적용 가능한 게놈 함유 비리온을 분리할 수 있습니다. Ehrke-Schulz, E., 외 등인간 아데노바이러스 5형 기반 고용량 아데노바이러스 벡터의 클로닝 및 대량 생산. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)본 영상에서는 세슘 클로라이드 밀도 구배 초원심분리를 이용한 고용량 아데노바이러스 벡터의 정제 방법을 설명하며, 이를 통해 유전자 전달, 벡터 특성 분석 및 전임상 치료 연구에 활용 가능한 게놈 함유 비리온을 분리하는 과정을 보여줍니다.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 35 seconds인산염 완충 식염수(PBS)를 해당 부피만큼 첨가하여 아데노 부속 바이러스(AAV) 벡터 용액의 최종 농도를 5ml 당 2.7 x 10¹³ 벡터 게놈으로 조정한다. 캐뉼라에서 튜브를 제거하여 간을 배지 회로에서 분리한다. 간문맥의 캐뉼라에 5ml 주사기를 연결하고 AAV 벡터 용액 전체(5ml)를 주입한다.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 8 secondsSource: Chang, X., et al. Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates a luciferase-based pseudovirus titration assay to determine the optimal target cell density for maximum infection. By comparing luminescence across cell densities, the method ensures high assay sensitivity and reproducibility for downstream applications.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 9 secondsSource: Chang, X., et al. Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity. J. Vis. Exp. (2021).This video demonstrates a luciferase-based assay to quantify pseudovirus infection in epithelial cells. The pseudovirus encodes the luciferase gene, which is expressed in infected cells. After washing, and cells are incubated with lysis buffer at an ultra-low temperature, and then thawed to induce lysis.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 1 secondSource: Klaus, J. P. et al. Highly Sensitive Assay for Measurement of Arenavirus-cell Attachment. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the extraction of viral RNA from surface-bound virions on epithelial cells using silica spin columns. The method includes chemical lysis, RNA stabilization, and membrane-based purification for downstream quantification of virus-cell attachment.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 59 secondsSource: Ren, S., et al. A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication. J. Vis. Exp. (2014).This video demonstrates the procedure for quantifying Hepatitis C viral RNA using quantitative reverse transcription PCR to measure viral load in infected cell cultures.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 27 secondsSource: Kadoya, S., Sano, D. Assays for the Specific Growth Rate and Cell-binding Ability of Rotavirus. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).This video demonstrates the use of a plaque assay to assess the rotavirus growth curve. The method involves infecting host cells with diluted virus, overlaying with agarose to restrict spread, and staining to visualize plaques formed by viral replication. By counting plaque-forming units at defined time points, the resulting growth curve reveals the lag, exponential, and...
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 30 secondsSource: Fout, G. S., Cashdollar, J. L. EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the use of a total culturable virus assay to quantify infectious viruses in water samples. It outlines host cell inoculation, observation of cytopathic effect, and statistical quantification of infectious virus concentration.
Video Duration: 5 minutes and 1 secondSource: Scarborough, R. J., et al. Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).This video demonstrates a reverse transcriptase (RT) assay to assess the effect of a test RNA on virus-like particle (VLP) production. Cells are co-transfected with plasmids, and RT activity is measured as a quantitative indicator of VLP output. A decrease in RT activity reflects suppression of viral gene expression by the test RNA.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 26 secondsSource: Manocheewa, S., et al. Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)The video demonstrates the procedure for a growth competition assay to measure the relative replication fitness of two viral strains by comparing their replication in human immune cells.
Video Duration: 4 minutes and 31 seconds출처: Krishnamurthi, R., et al. 전사체 분석을 통한 온건성 박테리오파지가 라이소젠에 미치는 영향의 이해. J. Vis. Exp. (2024).이 영상은 시간 경과에 따른 생존 박테리아 세포(CFU)와 감염성 파지 입자(PFU)를 정량화함으로써, 라이소제닉 Pseudomonas aeruginosa에서 일어나는 자발적 파지 유도의 시간적 수치화를 보여줍니다. 성장 과정 중 정해진 간격으로 샘플을 채취하고 콜로니 및 플라크 형성을 모두 분석함으로써, 자발적 유도가 최소가 되는 시점을 확인할 수 있습니다. 이를 통해 용균성 간섭을 최소화하면서 후속 전사체 분석을 수행하기 위한 최적의 시간대를 식별할 수 있습니다.
Video Duration: 3 minutes and 17 secondsSource: Frias-De-Diego and A., Crisci, E. Use of Crystal Violet to Improve Visual Cytopathic Effect-based Reading for Viral Titration using TCID50 Assays. J. Vis. Exp., (2022)This video demonstrates a crystal violet staining method to visualize cytopathic effects in virus-infected cell cultures. The pattern of stained and unstained wells across serial dilutions enables rapid, cost-effective estimation of the viral infectious dose.
Video Duration: 2 minutes and 54 seconds